Freedom of Speech in Local Press

JU School of American Law co-sponsors an event on Freedom of Speech in Local Press.

Prawnik.pl on the EDS course

Prawnik.pl writes about the course on legal writing taught by Ewa Don Siemion. Please note that we will be accepting new applications for the second edition of the course in the summer semester.

Punitive Damages in Harlan & Cimoszewicz v. Wprost

Students of Freedom of Speech law might find interest in materials from following litigation:

Russell J. Harlan and Malgorzata-Natasza Cimoszewicz
v.
Wprost, Agencja Wydawniczo-reklamowa “Wprost” Sp. z o.o., Marek Krol, Fijor Publishing, Jan M. Fijor, Maciej Rybinski, and Lowell International Co.

This case can be relevant for the intersection of several concepts:

• protection against libel/defamation,
• freedom of expression and press,
• jurisdiction in international litigation,
• enforcement of foreign default judgments.

Wprost and other Defendants published or disseminated materials that Plaintiffs considered libelous.

Initially (in 2005), the law suit was brought in a Federal Court in South Carolina (SC). The SC Court dismissed the complaint. You can read the opinion here. The Defendants successfully argued that the Court lacked personal jurisdiction over them. Under the long arm statute of SC, the Court only needed to examine whether its exercise of jurisdiction over a party would comply with due process requirements. This test requires two steps: 1. A party must have minimum contacts with South Carolina. 2. Exercise of personal jurisdiction is consistent with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Both conditions are necessary, and step 2 comes into consideration only if test 1 is fulfilled.

In the assessment if the minimum contacts (step 1), the SC Court followed the guidelines formulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Keeton v. Hustler in 1984 (listen to the oral arguement in Keeton). The Supreme Court said that for a state to exercise jurisdiction, an allegedly libelous publication must achieve an adequate circulation in the state, so that the contact with the state is not random, isolated, or fortuitous. For example in Keeton, the magazine circulation of 10,000 to 15,000 in a state was not “random, isolated, or fortuitous” but sufficient to meet the minimum contacts requirement. In the SC case against Wprost, the distribution in South Carolina was limited to 1 (one) piece in subscription.

However, even this small number would allow for establishing jurisdiction, had the Plaintiffs shown that they had suffered harm from this particular one contact. They failed to demonstrate this.

Still looking at the minimum contacts requirement, another alleged link with SC jurisdiction was that Wprost can be read in South Carolina via the Internet. The Court noted that there is scarce case-law pertaining to this issue (no Supreme Court decision was quoted). The SC Court relied on a decision in Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc. by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from 1997 in which the relevant factor for establishing jurisdiction is “the nature and quality of commercial activity conducted by an entity over the Internet in the forum state”. The Plaintiffs offered no evidence that would allow to assess the nature and quality of Wprost’s Internet activity in SC, thus the Court dismissed the theory that Internet could make the jurisdiction link.

The last jurisdiction link within the minimum contact theory that the SC analyzed was whether South Carolina had been “the focal point both of the story and of the harm suffered.” Under Calder v. Jones, had these criteria been met, the SC Court would have jurisdiction even though the previous tests came out negative. The understanding of the focal point in further jurisprudence requires that Defendants expressly aim their tortious conduct at South Carolina. The Court found no evidence of such directed activity, namely because of nominal circulation of Wprost in SC.

Having lost in South Carolina, the same Plaintiffs sued in Chicago in a state court (Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, County Department, Law Division).

The materials from the state courts are often not as readily available via Google, Westlaw, or PACER as federal ones. This was the case of the litigation at hand in Chicago, so I can present the documents below only thanks to wonderful support from Steve Young of The Catholic University of America who is a professional in retrieving such information.

In the Complaint, the Plaintiffs ask for trial by jury, and assert that Wprost published articles which had amounted to defamation, and seek actual and punitive damages. They claim that accusations in Wprost about the Plaintiffs are false, and were made maliciously with the intent to injure the Plaintiffs.

According to the recent press release by one of the Defendants – Wprost, the magazine is questioning the fact of effective petition delivery, and claims not having received any information about the proceedings in question or verdict of the American court. From this position, I assume that this Defendant never showed up in court in order to fight the law suit. However, here is an account from the Polish press which claims that Wprost has been served.

One of the other Defendants (Lowell International Co.), a company which distributes Wprost in the U.S., did contest the Complaint in its Answer. The majority of this brief consists of one sentence — repeated 29 times: The Defendant neither admits nor denies, but has insufficient knowledge about the allegations in paragraph x and demands strict proof thereof (with x designating the number of the respective paragraph of the Complaint).

Lowell moved for summary judgment arguing that as a matter of law, Lowell being a distributor of Wprost, would be liable for defamation only had it known or had reason to know of the defamatory nature of the articles. According to Lowell the record shows clearly otherwise.

The Plaintiffs met the motion with a Memorandum in Opposition in which they pointed out how in their opinion Lowell knew or had reason to know about the defamatory nature of the articles. In addition they argued that this knowledge is a question of fact that is to be decided by the jury (thus summary judgement should not be available).

Lowell offered a rebuttal (Reply) in which it questioned the account given by Plaintiffs. I don’t know how this exchange ended, since I don’t have all the documents. The only fact that I can make interference from is that Lowell does not show up in the Verdict.

In the Verdict, the Jury awarded Plaintiff Russell J. Harlan $250,000 of actual damages from Defendants: Wprost, Agencja Wydawniczo-Reklamowa “Wprost”, Marek Krol, Maciej Rybinski. The actual damages for Malgorzata Harlan-Cimoszewicz a/k/a Natasha Harlan against the same Defendants are $750,000. The Jury further awards $4,000,000 in punitive damages to both Plaintiffs from the same Defendants.

Should the Plaintiffs proceed with the enforcement of the verdict in Poland, at least two interesting questions might arise.

1. Enforcement of a foreign (and non-EU) judgment which was handed down in absence of the defendant. This can raise the question of the right to defense. Both the Constitution and Code of Civil Procedure would not allow for an enforcement of the judgement in which the defendant was deprived of the right to defense.

First, even if Wprost were aware of the proceedings, are there jurisdictions geographically and culturally so distant from Poland that defending a law suit there would be so hard and expensive for a Polish citizen that the defendant is deprived of the right to defense? How do you defend a claim brought against you in Montevideo, Uruguay? Even if the foreign jurisdiction is internally perfectly fair as regards due process. For an individual Polish citizen, probably there are some jurisdictions which are at least presumably too exotic to guarantee fair play and right to defense, even if he/she has been correctly served with the law suit. As regards U.S., the procedures differ substantially, and litigation is much more costly. Having said that I don’t really see this argument fly as regards a big corporate defendant sued in Chicago.

Second, and more specifically as regards the facts in this case, Polish courts will have to scrutinize whether the defendant’s claim that there was no effective service, holds water. If there was lack of service, objection by Wprost seems reasonable. (According to another newspaper, Wprost has been served).

Speaking more generally, in course of such enforcement, an interesting thing can be the interplay between the insistence of the Polish courts to guarantee the right to defense, and what American courts understand under related notions of fair play and substantial justice.  As we can see in the South Carolina decision above, American courts pay attention not to extend their jurisdiction in a way that jeopardizes fair play or substantial justice. Thus, if there were ideal synchronization between American and Polish courts, the American courts would not extend their jurisdiction beyond the line of what the Polish courts could find as infringement of the right to defense.  There are two caveats to be made here:

• It is likely that differences in the legal culture will expose in some cases the lack of synchronization between the Polish right to defense and the American fair play and substantial justice.
• The Keeton standard arises from matters that are inter-state but not international. I think there is difference in being a defendant in another state and in another country, the latter being usually more expensive and difficult.

2. Punitive damages. European jurisdictions have a history of skeptical approach towards this measure. E.g. see the New York Times account on Germany and Italy. Some jurisdiction in Europe do not like the idea that punitive damages are punitive, i.e. serve repression of the defendant instead of restitution for the injured party. This means that penalties are applied outside the system of protection traditionally afforded to the defendant in constitutional and criminal law.

The issue becomes more sensitive as the defendant is the Press with its constitutionally protected freedoms. A $5Mln verdict can have an extreme chilling effect in Poland. U.S. has remarkable protection for freedom and expression and for the press, so it’s not that easy for a plaintiff to obtain a judgment against the media in a defamation law suit. However, I would not be happy with allowing a practice of suing Polish publishers in Chicago where the jurisdiction link can perhaps be established as in this case by presence of Polish audience. (In this litigation an additional link was the domicile of Plaintiffs who as I understand live in the U.S. but not in Chicago — it is not really clear at this moment what would be the theory of jurisdiction of the Chicago Court should the Polish Defendants object to the jurisdiction). Even with all the protection afforded to freedom of speech and press in the U.S., such forum shopping would constitute an excessive economical hardship for average Polish publishers.

Zaproszenia na kurs EDS

Szanowni Panstwo,

ponizej znajduje sie lista osob, ktore zapraszamy do uczestnictwa w kursie z mec. Don Siemion.

Tozsamosc osob jest zakodowana z uwagi na ochrone danych osobowych — mam nadzieje, ze kazda osoba z latwoscia odnajdzie swoja tozsamosc na liscie, gdyby byly watpliwosci, prosze o kontakt ze mna.

Dziekuje za wszystkie inne aplikacje.

Pierwsze zajecia: czwartek, 8 pazdziernika 2009, godz. 13, sala seminaryjna w Domu Goscinnym UJ, ul. Florianska 49.

1. mag-kof
2. wik-kwi
3. ang-weg
4. agn-rym
5. jak-łab
6. zof-les
7. pat-bysk
8. mag-dan
9. dar-zim
10. marc-mik
11. al-kacz
12. mag-trei
13. dan-zat
14. mag-stan

Legal Writing with Ewa Don Siemion

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SCHOOL OF AMERICAN LAW
Faculty of Law and Administration
Jagiellonian University

LEGAL WRITING
Ewa Don Siemion, Esq.

Study drafting correspondence, memos and other legal documents in English under an experienced, international lawyer.  Students will work on assignments and solve practical problems of legal writing under personal, individual supervision of Ms. Don Siemion.

Ewa Don Siemion, Esq.  is the managing partner at a business law firm in Warsaw: CDZ – Chajec, Don Siemion & Żyto.

Ewa Don-Siemion graduated from McGill School of Law in Montreal, Canada, and she was admitted to the New York Bar in 1995.

She practiced for six years at Shearman & Sterling in New York. She was responsible for international securities law transactions both in the financial and media/telecoms sectors. She rendered regulatory advice for banks and brokerage houses from Latin America and Western Europe. She represented Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs on media, telecoms, mining and energy transactions and tenders in Poland.

In Poland, Ms. Don Siemion was a member of the management board of Netia.  She was responsible for legal and regulatory matters, co-managing, among other things, a $860 million debt restructuring.

SIGN UP:
Number of participants is limited, so candidates need to submit in English the CV and the motivation letter by e-mail: okspo at uj.edu.pl not later than 7 October 2009, 1:00 PM.  Candidates might be asked for an additional   interview before admission to the course.

REQUIREMENTS:
Participants need to be fluent in English, and have completed the course on civil law I.

ECTS:
Students will receive credits for successful participation.

CLASS TIMES:
1:00 P.M. – 3:00 P.M., Thursdays: 8 & 22 Oct. 2009, 5 & 19 Nov. 2009, 3 Dec. 2009, 7 & 21 Jan. 2010 + one additional class, date TBA

VENUE:
Conference room, Jagiellonian University Guesthouse, ul. Floriańska 49, Cracow.

download flier

Legal English with Professor Baran

First class with Professor Baran will be held at 8:00 AM (until 9:30), room 223 (sala amfiteatralna), ul. Olszewskiego 2, on Thursday, 8 October 2009. Next classes meet also on Thursdays, same hour and venue.

Participation is mandatory for the ALP students who want to receive ECTS credits and grade for the ALP from the JU law school.

LL.M.-candidates do not have to take part in this course but are welcome if they like.

JU Team for the Vis Moot Court 2009-2010

Please note that JU is kicking off the rectrutation process for its Vis Moot Court Team.  Don’t miss this opportunity to join one the the most prestigious global competitions for lawyers.

Oplata

Wysokosc oplaty wynosi 250 zl.

Termin wplaty: 30 wrzesnia 2009.

Numer konta i dopisek zostanie przeslany do Panstwa mailem.

17 Willem C. Vis Arbitration Moot

Ośrodek Koordynacyjny Szkół Praw Obcych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ma zaszczyt zaprosić wszystkich zainteresowanych na konferencję naukową „Challenges of Modern International Commercial Arbitration”, która odbędzie się dnia 1 lipca 2009 r. w Salach Reprezentacyjnych Pałacu Larischa w Krakowie, ul. Bracka 12.

Konferencja ma na celu przybliżenie zagadnień międzynarodowego arbitrażu handlowego oraz zainteresowanie tematyką studentów – potencjalnych reprezentantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w 17. edycji międzynarodowego konkursu Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot, który odbywać się będzie w okresie od października 2009 do finału w Wiedniu w kwietniu 2010 r.

Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot w Wiedniu jest międzynarodowym konkursem studenckim – symulacją postępowania arbitrażowego. Konkurs należy do najważniejszych i najbardziej prestiżowych na świecie.

Drużyny z czołowych uczelni z ponad 50 państw dokonują analizy stanu faktycznego opartego o problematykę międzynarodowego prawa arbitrażowego oraz Konwencji Wiedeńskiej o międzynarodowej sprzedaży towarów. Zadanie polega na wymianie pism procesowych między drużynami, a następnie na zaprezentowaniu ustnej argumentacji przed panelem arbitrażowym w Wiedniu. Każda z dwóch części jest oceniana niezależnie.

Konkurs wspierany jest m.in. przez Komisję Międzynarodowego Prawa Handlowego przy ONZ (UNCITRAL), a także wiele organizacji zajmujących się międzynarodowym prawem handlowym, oraz włoskie, niemieckie, szwajcarskie i amerykańskie sądy arbitrażowe. Konkurs od wielu lat cieszy się bardzo wysokim uznaniem czołowych międzynarodowych kancelarii prawniczych prowadzących działalność w zakresie międzynarodowego arbitrażu handlowego.

Konferencja, którą Wam proponujemy, jest świetnym sposobem na wdrożenie się w świat międzynarodowego arbitrażu. Jeżeli poważnie myślicie o Turnieju jak i ciekawych sposobach praktykowania prawa, Konferencja ta jest wręcz koniecznością!

Ściągnij ramowy program konferencji.

Wyniki naboru do JUCUA ALP 2009-2010.

Zapraszamy do zapisów osoby, które zdobyły 110 punktów lub więcej.

Zapisy odbywają się tylko osobiście w pokoju 205 (ul. Bracka 12) w godz. 10-12, codziennie (z wyjatkiem weekendow oraz dni wolnych z powodu swieta) od godz. 9:00 do 12:00 od 8 do 17 czerwca. Do dokonania zapisu konieczne jest przyniesienie zdjęcia przedstawiającego twarz, które będzie użyte do facebooka programu.  (Bez zdjecia nie da sie zapisac, nie mozna np. doniesc go pozniej).

W następnym tygodniu po zapisach (18- 24 czerwca) może się okazać, że otworzyły się pozycje z powodu braku wpisu albo np. rezygnacji.   Z reguły nie pojawiają się nowe pozycje, ale zachęcam do sprawdzenia niniejszej strony 18 czerwca.   Wpisy w ramach dogrywki odbywają się rowniez wedlug kolejnosci wynikow.

NIE OTWORZYŁY SIĘ NOWE POZYCJE DO WPISÓW.

UWAGA.  Ze wzgledu swieto i na prosbe niektorych studentow, powyzszy rozklad zostal zmodyfikowany w ten sposob, ze w stosunku do pierwotnego kalendarza przedluzylismy okres zapisow do 17 czerwca (srody) wlacznie.

Bardzo przepraszam za kilkugodzinne opoznienie w ogloszeniu wynikow.

Kilka osob nie zlozylo esej, a nie zlozylo testu (albo odwrotnie), co zawsze powodowalo duzy spadek punktacji — gdyby byly w tej sprawie watpliwosci, prosze uprzejmie o kontakt z naszym biurem.

ID	Test	Essay	Total
726	43	90	133
698	42	90	132
529	42	90	132
246	41	90	131
466	40	90	130
265	40	90	130
965	40	90	130
885	40	90	130
622	40	90	130
425	40	90	130
869	39	90	129
205	39	90	129
227	39	90	129
619	38	90	128
784	37	90	127
370	36	90	126
906	36	90	126
676	36	90	126
874	35	90	125
901	35	90	125
750	35	90	125
176	35	90	125
433	34	90	124
369	33	90	123
785	33	90	123
142	32	90	122
334	32	90	122
395	32	90	122
702	31	90	121
442	31	90	121
938	39	80	119
647	29	90	119
363	28	90	118
939	38	80	118
980	38	80	118
451	28	90	118
585	37	80	117
953	35	80	115
149	33	80	113
322	33	80	113
210	32	80	112
382	31	80	111
673	41	70	111
631	31	80	111
813	30	80	110
103	30	80	110
893	40	70	110
266	30	80	110
978	29	80	109
503	29	80	109
982	39	70	109
372	27	80	107
280	36	70	106
607	35	70	105
626	34	70	104
957	34	70	104
801	32	70	102
374	32	70	102
151	32	70	102
799	32	70	102
145	38	60	98
138	28	70	98
234	37	60	97
820	27	70	97
628	26	70	96
563	35	60	95
520	35	60	95
440	25	70	95
672	25	70	95
908	34	60	94
564	33	60	93
235	32	60	92
783	32	60	92
675	32	60	92
678	30	60	90
286	30	60	90
997	0	90	90
203	29	60	89
674	39	50	89
596	29	60	89
521	28	60	88
888	27	60	87
559	36	50	86
736	35	50	85
252	33	50	83
666	31	50	81
378	0	80	80
972	28	50	78
683	36	40	76
417	35	40	75
385	34	40	74
447	33	40	73
251	33	40	73
132	22	50	72
550	30	40	70
459	29	40	69
212	28	40	68
969	28	40	68
449	27	40	67
189	36	30	66
285	35	30	65
738	33	30	63
555	33	30	63
710	31	30	61
644	30	30	60
829	30	30	60
330	0	60	60
240	39	20	59
747	28	30	58
242	28	30	58
230	26	30	56
108	26	30	56
388	25	30	55
602	32	20	52
807	32	20	52
522	30	20	50
779	24	20	44
419	34	0	34
668	32	0	32
948	32	0	32
528	32	0	32
xxx	25	0	25
642	0	20	20
705	15	0	15